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J.Konstapel,10-10-2026.
© 2026 J. Konstapel, Constable Research, Leiden. All rights reserved. Quotation with attribution is permitted; reproduction of the whole requires written permission.
From Atom to Body is a reference work of 68 entries, about 196,000 words and 1,462 references. It runs from the hydrogen atom to the standing person, then on to what the body needs and what the Earth supplies. It was published in October 2026 and is available on Academia.edu and ResearchGate.
Every number in it is measured in a cited source, or computed from such numbers with the arithmetic shown. Every size and every duration sits on one scale. Every piece of advice carries a grade. Every rule the book uses is stated in its first part, and no entry rests on anything outside it.
That is the whole claim. The rest of this essay says what those sentences mean in practice.
2. One scale for everything
Biology is usually told in pieces. Chemistry has its nanometres, cell biology its micrometres, anatomy its centimetres, physiology its milliseconds and its years. The pieces do not meet.
The book puts all of them on one ladder. The unit is Larson’s natural unit of space, 4.558816 × 10⁻⁸ m, and his natural unit of time, 1.520655 × 10⁻¹⁶ s. The position of a size is the number of factors of three between it and the unit. Nothing more.
The Bohr radius, 52.9 pm, sits at −6.15. A Dutch man born in 1996, 182.5 cm, sits at 15.93. The whole human build spans 22 positions. In time, the bond vibration of water at 9.8 fs sits at 3.79. The day sits at 43.50. A life of 80 years sits at 52.86. Forty-nine positions.
Every entry gives the measured size and the measured times of its subject, each with its position to two decimals. Table A at the back gathers 388 sizes. Table B gathers 411 durations. A reader who wants to know how far the ribosome stands from the red cell, or the heartbeat from the sleep cycle, reads it off.
The ladder orders. It does not select. The book tested that before it was built. If the ladder preferred certain sizes, measured parts of the body would cluster near whole positions. They do not: 192 of 388 sizes lie within a quarter step of a whole mark, 49.5 per cent, against 50 by chance. The book therefore gives positions and assigns no part of the body to a mark. The ladder is a coordinate system, and it is used as one.
3. Four marks
Each statement of fact carries one of four marks.
Measured means read in the cited source. The book holds about 1,200 of these. Computed means arithmetic on measured numbers, shown in the text. About 620. Derived means that the statement follows from the rules of the first part, or from Larson’s formulas, with the step shown. Twelve. Read means an interpretation that sets a measured fact in the net. About 130.
The counts say what kind of book it is. It is a book of measurements. The theory enters in one section of each entry, is marked where it enters, and is never allowed to carry a number the sources do not carry.
An example from the entry on water. The molecule splits once in about eleven hours. Set against its bond vibration of 9.8 fs, it holds through 4 × 10¹⁸ vibrations. The hydrogen bond lasts about a picosecond, about 100 vibrations. The first number is measured, the second computed. The reading that the molecule is a closed form and the hydrogen bond an unclosed one is marked read. A reader who does not want the reading can skip the sentence and keep the numbers.
4. Two classes
The one rule of the theory that the book uses throughout is the division into two classes. Closed forms are things. They last. Unclosed forms are events between things. They end.
At every depth the measured lifetimes fall into the two classes. The water molecule and the hydrogen bond. The protein and the enzyme–substrate complex. The cell and the action potential. The neuron that is never replaced and the gut-lining cell that is replaced every few days. The book does not say that the rule causes the division. It sets the rule beside the measured lifetimes, at every depth, and lets the reader see that they fall the same way.
5. What the body needs, with grades
Part 6 turns the measurements into advice. There are about 480 advice rows in the book. Each has a grade and a reason, and the reason holds a number and a reference.
Strong rests on trials, or on large studies that agree, or on settled physiology. Moderate rests on one good trial or on consistent observation. Weak rests on little or indirect evidence. Contested means good sources disagree, and both numbers are then printed.
Some of the strong rows. Take vitamins and minerals from food first: in 78 trials with 296,707 people, antioxidant supplements did not lower mortality, and in the 56 trials with low risk of bias they raised it. Move every day, 150 to 300 minutes a week: 661,137 adults show the dose curve. Do not smoke: hazard ratio about 3, ten years lost. Twenty-five to thirty grams of fibre a day: 185 cohorts and 58 trials, relative risk 0.85 for mortality, greatest reduction at 25 to 29 g.
And the one trial on processed food, printed with its size. Twenty adults in a metabolic ward for 28 days, two diets matched for energy, sugar, salt and fibre. On the ultra-processed diet they ate 508 kcal a day more and gained 0.9 kg in two weeks. The observational evidence behind the same advice covers 9.9 million people, but of its 45 pooled analyses, 4 have moderate certainty and 41 low or very low. The book prints both. The trial is small and the observation is large, and the reader sees that.
Where the sources disagree, the book does not choose. Alcohol: the hazard is settled, the threshold is contested, and the J-curve and the zero both stand on the page with their consortia named.
6. What the Earth supplies
Part 7 follows the needs back to their source. Light and photosynthesis. Soil and the minerals. Nitrogen, from microbes and from factories. Phosphorus. The water cycle. Plants, microbes, animals and pollinators. Air. The living surroundings.
Each is treated as the entries before it: measured sizes, measured times, positions, what the body draws from it. The body is not closed at the skin. Its elements come from the ground, its nitrogen from bacteria and from the Haber process, its oxygen from the leaf. The book gives the numbers for each step.
7. Self-contained
Part 0 holds every rule: the net, the register, closure, rings, the two classes, widening and pruning, the ladder, Larson’s units and formulas, the marks, the grades and the words. Nothing in the entries rests on a rule that is not stated there. No entry sends the reader to another book for content. No list of open questions closes the work.
Each entry has the same eight sections in the same order. What it is. Place on the ladder. Build. Times. In the net. What it does in the body. What it needs and what the Earth supplies. Advice. Then the annotated references, with a note on why the useful ones are worth reading. A reader who knows one entry knows them all.
8. Who it is for
A physician who wants the measured size and turnover of the tissue in front of her, with the source. A chemist who wants to see the molecule placed among the organs it builds. A reader of the Vacuum.Net theory who wants to see what it says, and what it does not say, when set beside 1,200 measurements. A person who wants advice on food, movement, sleep and air that comes with its evidence attached and its weak spots printed.
The book can be read in order, from 1.1 to 7.10. It can be opened at one entry. It can be used from the tables alone. The index holds 470 terms.
9. What it does not do
It does not explain. It does not say that the net causes any biological fact. It does not claim that a formula reproducing known values proves the model behind it; Larson’s distance rule gives seven elements within 2 per cent and his mass rule misses hydrogen by a factor of two, and both facts are printed. The tests that could decide the theory are collected in a separate essay, What Would Test the Net, with the outcomes fixed before the measurement.
What the book does is put the measurements in one place, on one scale, with their sources, their arithmetic and their grades, and set one set of rules beside them so that the reader can see where they meet and where they do not.
Annotated references
Konstapel, J. (2026). From Atom to Body: A Reference Work on the Build of the Human Body, What It Needs and What the Earth Supplies. Constable Research, Leiden, first edition. Academia.edu and ResearchGate. Why read? The work this essay describes. Reading advice: “How to use this book” and Part 0 first; then one entry in full, 1.4 Water or 6.2 Whole Food and Unwound Food, to see the form; then the tables.
Konstapel, J. (2026). What Would Test the Net. Constable Research, Leiden, 10 October 2026. Why read? The six tests that follow from the theory, each with its outcome fixed in advance, and the one test already run.
Konstapel, J. (2026). The Vacuum.Net Theory: Complete Derivation. Constable Research, Leiden, 28 September 2026. Why read? The five axioms and the derivation of the rules that Part 0 of the book restates.
Konstapel, J. (2026). Two Kinds of Closure. Constable Research, Leiden, 1 October 2026. Why read? The two classes, closed forms and unclosed carriers, that the book sets beside the measured lifetimes at every depth.
Larson, D. B. (1979). Nothing But Motion. Portland: North Pacific Publishers. And Larson, D. B. (1988). Basic Properties of Matter. Salt Lake City: International Society of Unified Science. Why read? The natural units of space and time that fix the ladder, and the distance and mass formulas the book recomputes and prints with their differences. Reading advice: chapters 9, 10, 12 and 13 of the first; chapters 1 and 24 of the second.
Hall, K. D., Ayuketah, A., Brychta, R., et al. (2019). “Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: an inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake.” Cell Metabolism 30, 67–77. Why read? The one controlled trial on processed food: 20 people, 28 days, 508 kcal a day.
Lane, M. M., Gamage, E., Du, S., et al. (2024). “Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses.” BMJ 384, e077310. Why read? The 45 pooled analyses on 9.9 million people, with their GRADE certainty: 4 moderate, 41 low or very low.
Reynolds, A., Mann, J., Cummings, J., Winter, N., Mete, E., and Te Morenga, L. (2019). “Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.” The Lancet 393, 434–445. Why read? The fibre evidence behind the strongest dietary advice in the book: 185 cohorts, 58 trials, relative risk 0.85.
Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L. L., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. (2012). “Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, issue 3, CD007176. Why read? Seventy-eight trials, 296,707 people; the reason the book says food first.
Monteiro, C. A., Cannon, G., Levy, R. B., et al. (2019). “Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them.” Public Health Nutrition 22, 936–941. Why read? The NOVA classification and its one-ingredient test, which the book uses to separate whole food from unwound food.